1800

1803

Padri movement takes strength in Minangkabau area, promotes more orthodox Islam.

Ambon returns from British occupation to the Dutch.

Badruddin becomes Sultan of Palembang.

The "Padri" advocates on Sumatra were heavily influenced by the Wahhabiyah in Arabia, a fundamentalist movement founded by Ibnu Wahhab in the middle 1700s. The movement is still favored in Saudi Arabia today.

1805

1806

1807

Rebellion against Dutch in Minahasa.

1808

Mangkunegara II organizes "Mangkunegaran Legion" with Dutch financing.

French-run government of the Netherlands sends Daendels as Governor-General. He attempts to enforce Dutch rights over local rulers that had never before been exercised.

Daendels moves his residence to Buitenzorg (now Bogor).

Pakubuwono IV appeases Daendels; Hamengkubuwono II opposes him.

British decide to abandon Melaka; Stamford Raffles, then a clerk, writes urgent letter to India urging a reversal of the decision. The decision is reversed, and the British stay in Melaka.

Sulaiman becomes Sultan of Banjar.

Herman Willem Daendels
Daendels was a product of revolutionary Europe, but he was also a colonialist. Daendels did not like the Sultans and Princes of Java at all, but he himself was sent to rule in their place. He thought he was ending oppression, but he was really bring in a newer, heavier rule from Europe.

He faced problems from every side. The previous V.O.C. government had lost huge amounts of money in its last years, and the British imposed a naval blockade that choked off much economic activity.

1809

Daendels abandons Dutch presence at Banjarmasin in order to consolidate hold on Java.

While in Batavia, Daendels started a campaign to clean up the city's canals. His project to build a great highway through the Parahiyangan took the lives of many laborers.

1810

May British retake Ambon, Ternate and Tidore.

Raden Rangga, brother-in-law of the Sultan, starts failed revolt against Dutch in Yogya; Daendels marches on Yogya, forces Hamengkubuwono II to abdicate in favor of young Hamengkubuwono III.

Raffles visits Lord Minto, British Governor-General in India, in Calcutta, urging him to drive the French and Dutch from Java. Minto is convinced.

1811

Hamengkubuwono III hands over Pangeran Natakusuma to Dutch on suspicion of being involved in 1810 rebellion.

May Daendels is replaced by Jan Willem Janssens. (Daendels soon served under Napoleon on his failed Moscow campaign.)

August 26 British under Lord Minto take Batavia. The Dutch, having suffered heavy losses, retreat to Semarang.

September Dutch surrender to British at Salatiga.

Thomas Stamford Raffles appointed Lt-Governor of Java.

Dutch resident at Palembang and company are killed, probably on orders of Sultan Badruddin; British have Badruddin dethroned and replaced by brother.

Hamengkubuwono II retakes title in Yogya.

December Raffles visits Yogya Kraton, generates much hostility.

Pakubuwono IV sends secret letters to Yogya offering assistance against the British, but hoping to make Yogya overextend themselves; British begin secret negotiations with Hamengkubuwono III; Natakusuma offers help to British.

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
Raffles was known for his scientific interests as well as the work he did for the British East India Company: governing Java, governing the output at Bengkulu, Sumatra which was British at the time, and of course, for founding Singapore.

1812

October British sign treaty with Sultan of Banjarmasin.

British take Timor.

Raffles had the same delusion as Daendels, that he was ending oppression, when in fact he was bringing in a tighter colonial rule. The nobility in Yogya considered the British to be horribly impolite.

In Raffles favor, it could be said that he liberalized the economy of Java with free-market reforms that helped farmers. He abolished forced labor and the compulsory cultivation of crops. He also tried to stamp out the slave trade between Indonesians and foreigners.

1813

Bahauddin becomes Sultan of Palembang.

1814

June Lord Minto, British Governor of India and Raffles' patron and promoter, dies. Charges of corruption are brought against Raffles, who is eventually found innocent.

August 13 British agree on eventual return of possessions in the Indies to the Dutch.

British war with Balinese in Buleleng and Karangasem over the slave trade.

Bone attacks British.

British residents stationed in Banjarmasin and Pontianak.

Hamengkubuwono IV takes rule in Yogya.

British expedition reports on Borobudur and Prambanan to Europe for the first time.

1815

Much of Minangkabau nobility killed by Padri supporters; Padri begin to expand promotion of Islam into Batak areas.

April-July Mount Tambora on Sumbawa erupts: 12,000 are dead from the eruption itself, later 50,000 die from related famine.

May Raffles visits Borobudur.

The eruption of Tambora changed climate worldwide; in the northern United States, 1815 was called "the year without a summer", and snow fell in July.

1816

Bone attacks British again.

August 19 Dutch return to Batavia. Cornelis Elout continues Raffles' reform policies.

Dutch unsuccessfully try to get rajas of Bali to accept Dutch authority.

1817

Madura consolidated into single kabupaten.

Pattimura leads revolt against returning Dutch in Ambon; hanged in December.

Botanical Gardens founded at Bogor.

1818

Raffles is sent to govern British fort at Bengkulu. Raffles makes several attempts to extend British influence on Sumatra.

Dutch attack Palembang.

1819

Raffles founds Singapore.

Dutch return to Padang.

Najamuddin Pangeran Ratu becomes Sultan of Palembang.

1820

Pakubuwono V becomes Susuhunan of Solo.

Dutch send expedition to the Aru Islands.

1821

Remaining Minangkabau nobles sign treaty giving Minangkabau to Dutch in exchange for protection against the Padri. "Padri War" begins.

Cholera appears in Java for the first time; rice harvest fails.

Najamuddin Prabu Anom becomes Sultan of Palembang.

1822

Mount Merapi erupts near Yogya.

1823

Dutch forces defeated by Padri at Lintau.

Gov.-Gen. van der Capellen abolishes land leases in Central Java.

Pakubuwono VI ascends in Solo.

Kramo Jayo becomes Sultan of Palembang.

Raffles, in poor health, returns to England.

1824

British and Dutch sign Treaty of London and divide the Indies between themselves. The Dutch claim Sumatra, Java, Maluku, Irian Jaya, and so on. The British claim Malaya and Singapore. Aceh is supposed to remain independent.

Bone takes Dutch areas in south Sulawesi.

1825

Dutch and Gowa defeat Bone before Java War.

May Diponegoro and court retainers clash in dispute over new road.

July Dutch send troops to arrest Diponegoro, who declares rebellion. This was the beginning of the "Java War", which lasted until 1830.

Adam al-Wasi' Billah becomes Sultan of Banjar.

Line of succession in Palembang ends.

Dutch issue orders to arrest Raden Intan in Lampung. Raden Intan dies and is succeeded by Raden Imba Kusuma.

Diponegoro had support of many princes and bupati, rural farmers, and religious leaders, including Kyai Maja. The Yogya Kraton did not side with him. Pakubuwono VI of Surakarta supported him quietly.

1826

Guerilla warfare widespread throughout central and east Java.

August Dutch return Hamengkubuwono II from exile in Ambon, and reinstall him as Sultan of Yogya.

October Diponegoro pushed back from Solo.

Prince Diponegoro
Pangeran or Prince Diponegoro is remembered as a great hero today. He had the mystic vision of a religious leader, the pedigree of the House of Yogya, and an affinity for the common people. Many streets and public institutions have been named for him.

1827

Dutch reorganize forces, change to more flexible tactics, take offensive against guerilla bands.

1828

April Javanese successes against the Dutch.

Madura consolidated with Surabaya.

Smallpox epidemic in Bali.

Fort Du Bus founded by Dutch in Irian Jaya.

November Kyai Maja, spiritual advisor to Diponegoro, is taken prisoner by the Dutch after hand-to-hand combat.

1829

September Pangeran Mangkubumi (uncle of Diponegoro) surrenders, allowed to return to palace.

October Sentot surrenders, Dutch make him a Lieutenant-Colonel.

1830

Pakubuwono VI suspected by Dutch, exiled to Ambon (until 1849). Pakubuwono VII becomes Susuhunan of Solo.